1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, March 1993.
2. CDC figures reported in the New York Times ( NYT), 9/9/94.
3. NYT, 9/19/94.
4. Figures are based on correlating the August, 1994 report (at the World Conference on AIDS, in Japan) by the Global AIBS Policy Coalition and the update of their figures cited in J. Osborne, "The Unbeliever, New York Times Book Review, 4/7/96, p.8. Global Coalition estimates are somewhat higher – and in my opinion probably more accurate – than official figures from the World Health Organization.
5. J. Mann, D. Tarantola, and T. Netter, eds., AIDS in the World (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), p.90, gives an estimate of 1.3 million by 1992. The death toll has more than doubled since then.
6. The Final Reports White House Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995. 925pp.).
7. L. Cole, "OpEd" pieces, NYT 1/25/94 and 3/23/95.
8. Stephen B. Thomas and Sandra Crouse Quinn, "The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932 to 1972: Implications for HIV Education and AIDS Risk Reduction Programs in the Black Community, American Journal of Public Health, 81:11, Nov., 1991, p.1501. For an in-depth discussion, see James Jones, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (New York: The Free Press, 1981).
9. Marlene Cimmons, "CDS Says It Erred in Measles Study," Los Angeles Times, June 17, 1996.
10. AIDS Weekly (A W), 1 1113/95.
11. Laurie Garrett, The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance (New York: Penguin, 1995), p.362.
12. B. Lederer, "Origins and Spread of AIDS," Covert Action Information Bulletin (CAIB), 28, Summer, 1987, p.47.
13. See T. Quinn, et al., "AIDS in Africa: An Epidemiologic Paradigm," Science, Nov. 21, 1986, p.959.
14 Garrett, op. cit. p. 381.
15. Ibid., p. 510-11.
16. See the description in Ibid., pp. 53-59.
17. Ibid., pp. 291, 297, 350, 381 and Lederer, lox. cit., p. 47.
18. Garrett, op. cit., p. 363.
19. Ibid., pp. 364-65, 380.
20. For a fuller discussion, see Gabriel Rotello, "The Birth of AIDS," Out, April, 1994.
21. For an in-depth discussion of these revolutions and their role see Ibid., and Garrett, op. cit., pp. 281-390.
22. For an explanation of the actual factors involved, see "Can Mosquitoes Transmit AIDS?" Natural History, July, 1992, p.54.
23. Glenn Garelick, "Desperately Seeking Solutions: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome," American Health, May, 1992.
24. AW, 12/25/95.
25. Cited in J. Osborne, op. cit.
26. AW, 12/4/95, p.26.
27. AW, 12/4/95.
28. Garrett, op. cit., p. 129.
29. H. Grosskurth, et al., "Impact of Improved Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Rural Tanzania," The Lancet , 346:530-36, Aug., 1995.
30. AW 1/29/96.
31. NYT, 3/16/96.
32. NYT,4/7/96.
33. NYT, 3/11/96.
34. Estimate by the UN Joint Programs on HIV/AIDS, cited in NYT, 6/7/96. They give the figure in the form of 7,500 new HIV infections per day.
35. Fidel Castro, speech at "Summit for Social Development," Copenhagen, 3/11/95.
36. Lawrence Peirez, "The Telephone Hate Network," ADL Bulletin , Sept., 1965.
37. William C. Douglass, MD, "New AIDS Scandal Brews," Spotlight , Oct. 5, 1987.
38. For an account of the founding and development of WHO's Global Programme on AIDS, see Garrett, op. cit., pp. 360, 459-81.
39. For more on LaRouche see B. Lederer, "Origins and Spread of AIDS, (Part II), CAIB 29, Winter, 1988, pp. 56-7; and M. Novick, White Lies/White Power (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995).
40. E.g., a speech by Gritz is included as an appendix in Terrance Jackson's AIDS/HIV Is Not A Death Sentence (New York: Akasa Press, 1992).
41. NYT, 2/7/96.
42. Judith Wasserheit of the CDC, "Heterogeneity of Heterosexual Transmission: The Roles of Other STDs. Presentation at the XI International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, July 10, 1996, Abstract We.C.453.
43. Marc Mauer and Tracy Huling, Young Black Americans and the Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later (Washington: The Sentencing Project, 1995), pp. 5, 12.
44. My calculations based on the several studies on drug use, race and HIV summarized in Justicia, 12/95.
45. CDC et al., "HIV/AIDS Prevention Bulletin," U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 3/31/93; and Medical Alert, 10/11/1993.
46. Medical Alert, 10/11/1993.
47. P. Laurie, A.L. Reingold, B. Bowser, et al., The Public Health Impact of Needle Exchange Programs in the U.S. and Abroad: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations, School of Public Health, U.C. Berkeley, and Institute for Health Policy Studies, U.C. San Francisco (Wash. D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1993), p. 18.
48. Ibid., p. 5.
49. AW, 1/29/96.
50. There is virtual unanimity on this point in studies presented at the various "AIDS in the World" conferences and in the studies of the National Academy of Science.
* HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is one of the subset of viruses known as retroviruses. A retrovirus stores its genetic information in the form of a single-stranded RNA instead of the more usual double-stranded DNA. Only after the retrovirus penetrates the host cell does it construct a DNA version of its genes, using a special enzyme called reverse transcriptase.
